Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength occurs during learning and can last for
long periods, making it a probable mechanism for memory storage. LTP induction results in …

Living cells continually generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory
chain during energetic metabolism. ROS at low or moderate concentration can play …

Animal behaviors are reinforced by subsequent rewards following within a narrow time
window. Such reward signals are primarily coded by dopamine, which modulates the …

LTP and LTD, the long-term potentiation and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission,
are widespread phenomena expressed at possibly every excitatory synapse in the …

One of the most remarkable aspects of an animal's behavior is the ability to modify that
behavior by learning, an ability that reaches its highest form in human beings. For me …

Experiences, whether they be learning in a classroom, a stressful event, or ingestion of a
psychoactive substance, impact the brain by modifying the activity and organization of …

In this article we develop the concept that the hippocampus and the midbrain dopaminergic
neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) form a functional loop. Activation of the loop …

Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is the leading
experimental model for the synaptic changes that may underlie learning and memory. This …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a well-characterized form of synaptic plasticity that fulfils
many of the criteria for a neural correlate of memory. LTP has been studied in a variety of …

Many distinct signaling pathways allow the cell to receive, process, and respond to
information. Often, components of different pathways interact, resulting in signaling …