All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal
physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on …

Mammalian studies have shaped our understanding of the endocrine control of appetite and
body weight in vertebrates and provided the basic vertebrate model that involves central …

A diverse group of animals, including members of most major phyla, have adapted to life in
the perpetual darkness of caves. These animals are united by the convergence of two …

How cave animals adapt to life in darkness is a poorly understood aspect of evolutionary
biology [1]. Here we identify a behavioral shift and its morphological basis in Astyanax …

Phenotypic traits are products of two processes: evolution and development. But how do
these processes combine to produce integrated phenotypes? Comparative studies identify …

Cave animals are excellent models to study the general principles of evolution as well as the
mechanisms of adaptation to a novel environment: the perpetual darkness of caves. In this …

This study addresses the role of sonic hedgehog (shh) in increasing oral–pharyngeal
constructive traits (jaws and taste buds) at the expense of eyes in the blind cavefish …

Animals have colonized the entire world from rather moderate to the harshest environments,
some of these so extreme that only few animals are able to survive. Cave environments …

The effect of the brain on the morphology of the face has long been recognized in both
evolutionary biology and clinical medicine. In this work, we describe factors that are active …

The duration of sleep varies dramatically between species, yet little is known about the
genetic basis or evolutionary factors driving this variation in behavior. The Mexican cavefish …