Over the past decades, immunotherapy has demonstrated a prominent clinical efficacy in a
wide variety of human tumors. For many years, apoptosis has been considered a non …

Cancer progression is characterized by rapidly proliferating cancer cells that are in need of
increased protein synthesis. Therefore, enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activity is …

Microbial DNA sequences containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides activate Toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9). We have found that TLR9 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

Nuclear DNA damage and ligation of plasma-membrane death receptors have long been
recognized as initial triggers of apoptosis that induce mitochondrial membrane …

The field of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mammalian cells has expanded rapidly
during the past decade, contributing to understanding of the molecular pathways that allow …

Surfactant proteins, SP-A and SP-D, are collagen-containing C-type (calcium dependent)
lectins called collectins, which contribute significantly to surfactant homeostasis and …

Calreticulin surface exposure (ecto-CALR), ATP secretion, maturation of dendritic cells
(DCs) and stimulation of T cells are prerequisites for anticancer therapy-induced …

The complement (C) inflammatory cascade is part of the phylogenetically ancient innate
immune response and is crucial to our natural ability to ward off infection. It has three critical …

Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) constitute a family of structurally related enzymes which
catalyze disulfide bonds formation, reduction, or isomerization of newly synthesized proteins …

New insights into the field of iron metabolism within the tumor microenvironment have been
uncovered in recent years. Iron promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which …