Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and
effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two‐dimensional …

Highlights•Innovative 21st-century roadmaps need to be devised for biomedical
research.•Advanced human biology-based models and tools hold the key to …

Many tissue models have been developed to mimic liver-specific functions for metabolic and
toxin conversion in in vitro assays. Most models represent a 2D environment rather than a …

Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is poorly understood and its preclinical prediction is mainly
limited to assessing the compound's potential to inhibit the bile salt export pump (BSEP) …

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are man-made
chemicals that are used for the fabrication of many products with water-and dirt-repellent …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a public health concern. To date,
the mechanism of NAFLD progression remains unclear, and pharmacological treatment …

Astaxanthin (AST), as natural hydrophobic nutrition, has exhibited health-promoting benefits
for its outstanding antioxidant property. However, most studies tend to enhance its stability …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant liver disease without approved
therapy, lacking human NAFLD models to aid drug development. Existing models are either …

While alternative methods for toxicity testing using re-constructed human skin and cornea
have been written into guidelines and adopted by regulatory authorities, three-dimensional …

Intrahepatic cholestasis represents a frequent manifestation of drug-induced liver injury;
however, the mechanisms underlying such injuries are poorly understood. In this study of …