The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of the coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has ravaged the world, with over 22 million total cases …

Curcumin as a hydrophobic polyphenol is extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa.
Curcumin is widely used as a dietary spice and a topical medication for the treatment of …

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are predicted to be the biggest health concern in this
century and the second leading cause of death by 2050. The main risk factor of these …

Air pollution is inevitably the result of human civilization, industrialization, and globalization.
It is composed of a mixture of gases and particles at harmful levels. Particulate matter (PM) …

Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation,
organogenesis, and reproduction and a key role in mucosal immune responses. RA …

Nine cancer patients were treated with adoptive cell therapy using autologous anti-MAGE-
A3 T-cell receptors (TCR)-engineered T cells. Five patients experienced clinical regression …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and degenerative disease
that affects the central nervous system. A recent study showed that interaction between the …

Immune system acts as a host defensive mechanism protecting against attacking pathogens
and transformed cells, including cancer cells. Th17 cells are a specific subset of T helper …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the CNS; they play an important role in the …