Mood disorders are associated with elevated inflammation, and the reduction of symptoms
after multiple treatments is often accompanied by pro-inflammation restoration. A variety of …

Since ancient times it is known that melancholia and sleep disturbances co-occur. The
introduction of polysomnography into psychiatric research confirmed a disturbance of sleep …

The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

Downward social mobility is a well-known mental risk factor for depression, but its neural
mechanism remains elusive. Here, by forcing mice to lose against their subordinates in a …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

Alterations in energy metabolism are associated with depression. However, the role of
glycolysis in the pathogenesis of depression and the underlying molecular mechanisms …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Gamma oscillation is the synchronization with a frequency of 30–90 Hz of neural
oscillations, which are rhythmic electric processes of neuron groups in the brain. The …