Many viruses infect humans and most are controlled satisfactorily by the immune system
with limited damage to host tissues. Some viruses, however, do cause overt damage to the …

Abstract Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside binding lectin known for its immunomodulatory
role in various microbial infections. Gal-9 is expressed in all organ systems and localized in …

The two T cell inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIM-3 are co-expressed during exhausted T cell
differentiation, and recent evidence suggests that their crosstalk regulates T cell exhaustion …

Immune checkpoint blockade has shown unprecedented and durable clinical response in a
wide range of cancers. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is an inhibitory …

Background & Aims The upregulation of several inhibitory signalling pathways by exhausted
HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic infection is thought to contribute to viral persistence …

The β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-9 is critical in regulating the immune response,
but the mechanism by which it functions remains unclear. We have demonstrated that …

In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint
regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple …

The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger-and non-danger signals,
thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or …

The host response to viruses includes multiple cell types that have regulatory function. Most
information focuses on CD 4+ regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3+ …

T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) has been identified as a marker of differentiated interferon-γ-
producing CD4+ T helper type 1 and CD8+ T cytotoxic type 1 cells. The interaction of Tim-3 …