Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of
heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the …

Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Arterial stiffness progressively increases with aging and is an independent predictor of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Evidence supports that there are sex differences in the …

Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the
medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their …

ContextDespite decades of accumulated observational evidence, the balance of risks and
benefits for hormone use in healthy postmenopausal women remains uncertain. ObjectiveTo …

Context.—Observational studies have found lower rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in
postmenopausal women who take estrogen than in women who do not, but this potential …

ContextDespite decades of accumulated observational evidence, the balance of risks and
benefits for hormone use in healthy postmenopausal women remains uncertain. ObjectiveTo …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

▪ Purpose: To critically review the risks and benefits of hormone therapy for asymptomatic
postmenopausal women who are considering long-term hormone therapy to prevent …

Despite a dramatic decline in mortality over the past three decades, coronary heart disease
is the leading cause of death and disability in the US Importantly, recent advances in the …