Background: War on Drugs policing has failed to reduce domestic street-level drug activity:
the cost of drugs remains low and drugs remain widely available. Objectives: In light of …

Research Summary This study examined 40 African‐American young men's direct and
vicarious experiences with police harassment and violence, and their impact on perceptions …

People of colour living in disadvantaged urban communities have been shown to be the
disproportionate recipients of both proactive policing strategies and various forms of police …

In the fourth edition of Essential Criminology, authors Mark M. Lanier, Stuart Henry, and
Desire. M. Anastasia build upon this best-selling critical review of criminology, which has …

Since the 1960s, one of the major reform efforts in law enforcement has been to increase the
number of Black Americans within police agencies and on patrol in the streets. The general …

This paper explores police stop and search activities in Canada using data from a 2007
survey of Toronto residents. The paper begins by demonstrating that black respondents are …

Stop-and-frisk and other punitive policing practices disproportionately affect marginalized
communities of color. In response to calls for reform, police departments have implemented …

The police are empowered to use various forms of coercion to accomplish legitimate duties,
but they also may employ them gratuitously in violation of law or departmental policy. These …

Written by two of the most prominent criminologists in the field, Race and Crime, 6th Edition
takes an incisive look at the intersection of race and ethnicity and the criminal justice system …

Social, political, and economic relationships played key roles in the historical development
of the police. The authors present policing strategies from the vantage points of marginalized …