Life-like systems need to maintain a basal metabolism, which includes importing a variety of
building blocks required for macromolecule synthesis, exporting dead-end products, and …

The desire to develop artificial cells to imitate living cells in synthetic vesicle platforms has
continuously increased over the past few decades. In particular, heterogeneous synthetic …

Synthetic vesicles have gained considerable popularity in recent years for numerous
biological and medical applications. Among the various types of synthetic vesicles, the …

Genetic code expansion is a promising genetic engineering technology that incorporates
noncanonical amino acids into proteins alongside the natural set of 20 amino acids. This …

The de novo construction of a living organism is a compelling vision. Despite the astonishing
technologies developed to modify living cells, building a functioning cell “from scratch” has …

Synthetic polypeptides are biocompatible and biodegradable macromolecules whose
composition and architecture can vary over a wide range. Their unique ability to form …

Vesicles have emerged as promising drug carriers with excellent compatibility with cell
membranes, holding immense potential for biomedical applications. While most reported …

In the pursuit of understanding life, model membranes made of phospholipids were
envisaged decades ago as a platform for the bottom-up study of biological processes …

The incorporation of unnatural amino acids (uAAs) into protein‐based polymers has
emerged as a powerful methodology to expand their chemical repertoire. Recently, we …

One of the grand challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology is the design and construction of
synthetic cellular systems. One strategy toward this goal is the systematic reconstitution of …