Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate
immunity defense. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune …

The production of fish larvae is often hampered by high mortality rates, and it is believed that
most of this economic loss due to infectious diseases is ca. 10% in Western European …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG sequences are recognized as a
“danger” signal by the immune system of mammals. As a consequence, CpG ODN stimulate …

In mammals, toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize ligands, including pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs), and respond with ligand-specific induction of genes. In this …

The primary function of DNA vaccines, a bacterial plasmid DNA containing a construct for a
given protective antigen, is to establish specific and long-lasting protective immunity against …

The DNA vaccine based on the glycoprotein gene of Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
induces a non-specific anti-viral immune response and long-term specific immunity against …

Understanding the mechanisms that underpin pathogen recognition and subsequent
orchestration of the immune response in fish is an area of significant importance for both …

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within specific
sequence contexts (CpG motifs) are detected, like bacterial or viral DNA, as a danger signal …

Induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense but there is
limited understanding of how teleost fish recognize viral molecules and activate these …