Despite significant advancement in vaccine and virus research, influenza continues to be a
major public health concern. Each year in the United States of America, influenza viruses …

Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza
A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been classified on the basis of 16 subtypes of
hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase. Here we describe genomic evidence …

The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian
orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in
humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory …

BioEdit is one of the most common program used in molecular biology studies. It was
developed initially as a biological sequence alignment editor written for Windows only. It …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in
several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. The emergence of novel …

The challenges in successful vaccination against influenza using conventional approaches
lie in their variable efficacy in different age populations, the antigenic variability of the …

The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5N1 subtype in Asia, which has
subsequently spread to Russia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, has put increased focus …