The complexity of many biological, social and technological systems stems from the richness
of the interactions among their units. Over the past decades, a variety of complex systems …

The structure, function, and evolution of proteins depend on physical and genetic
interactions among amino acids. Recent studies have used new strategies to explore the …

Mutations in non-coding regulatory DNA sequences can alter gene expression, organismal
phenotype and fitness,–. Constructing complete fitness landscapes, in which DNA …

Protein engineering often targets binding pockets or active sites which are enriched in
epistasis—nonadditive interactions between amino acid substitutions—and where the …

It has become increasingly clear that low levels of antibiotics present in many environments
can select for resistant bacteria, yet the evolutionary pathways for resistance development …

Gut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and
lifespan, while the host, in turn, shapes the gut microbiome. However, it is unclear to what …

Fitness landscapes, depict how genotypes manifest at the phenotypic level and form the
basis of our understanding of many areas of biology,,,,,, yet their properties remain elusive …

The functions of proteins and RNAs are defined by the collective interactions of many
residues, and yet most statistical models of biological sequences consider sites nearly …

The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

The same mutation can have different effects in different individuals. One important reason
for this is that the outcome of a mutation can depend on the genetic context in which it …