Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that
play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and …

The development of antiviral drugs, has provided enormous achievements in our recent
history in the fight against viral infections. To date, most of the approved antiviral drugs target …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is known for eliciting immunity against single-stranded
RNA viruses, and is increased in both human and cigarette smoke (CS)-induced …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology with aberrant
immunological responses leading to inflammation, swelling and pain of the joints. CD8+ T …

As a key immune cell in the brain, microglia are essential for protecting the central nervous
system (CNS) from viral infections, including HIV. Microglia possess functional Toll‐like …

Dendritic cells (DC) are important antigen-presenting cells that have abilities to induce and
maintain T-cell immunity, or attenuate it during hyperimmunization. Additional activation of …

Background Although the involvement of intestinal microbiota in innate immunity has been
reported recently, the pathogenicity of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) remains unclear. This …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are major producers of type I/III interferons. As these
cytokines are crucial for antiviral defense, it is assumed to be also the case for pDCs …

Both bacteria product flagellin and macrophages are implicated in HIV infection/disease
progression. However, the impact of their interaction on HIV infection and the associated …

Neutrophils are bone marrow derived leukocytes with a short circulating half-life and are a
fundamental part of the innate inflammatory response. It is estimated that 1 billion …