The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rapidly rising throughout the world.
Although tremendous efforts have been made, limited therapeutics are available for IBD …

Liposome as a revolutionizing carrier, has exhibited favorable aspects in drug delivery.
However, there are numerous challenges affecting its effectiveness. Hypersensitivity …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease with painful clinical
manifestations and high risks of cancerization. With no curative therapy for IBD at present …

Macrophages, an important component of the innate immune response, are a key regulator
of intestinal microenvironment homeostasis. These cells essentially contribute to chronic …

The folate receptor (FR) is a tumor-associated antigen that can bind with folic acid (FA) and
its conjugates with high affinity and ingests the bound molecules inside the cell via the …

Research efforts on nanomaterial-based therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
and cancer have spiked and have made rapid progress over the past years. Nanomedicine …

In normal tissues, the expression of folate receptors is low and limited to cells that are
important for embryonic development or for folate reabsorption. However, in several …

Although poly (aspartic acid)(PASP), a strong calcium chelating agent, may be potentially
effective in inhibition of vascular calcification, its direct administration may lead to side …

Macrophages play a key role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Notably,
positive correlations have been reported between synovial macrophage infiltration and …

Atherosclerotic diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite
the recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances. A thorough understanding of the …