Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

The female sex hormone estrogen has been ascribed potent neuroprotective properties. It
signals by binding and activating estrogen receptors that, depending on receptor subtype …

Estrogens are the primary female sex hormones and play important roles in both
reproductive and non-reproductive systems. Estrogens can be synthesized in non …

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final
years of a woman's reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and …

Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as
the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis …

Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in
physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of …

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body.
Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Over the past 30 years,
research has demonstrated that estrogens not only are important for female reproduction …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …