Increasing evidence suggests that vascular risk factors contribute to neurodegeneration,
cognitive impairment and dementia. While there is considerable overlap between features of …

Aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, vitamin
B12/folate deficiency, depression, and traumatic brain injury synergistically promote diverse …

There is an increasing prevalence of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) worldwide, and
several studies have suggested that Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) plays a critical …

Cerebral microinfarcts are small lesions that are presumed to be ischaemic. Despite the
small size of these lesions, affected individuals can have hundreds to thousands of cerebral …

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB), as a crucial gate of brain‐blood molecular exchange, is
involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Oxidative stress is caused …

The glymphatic system is a brainwide CSF transport system that uses the perivascular space
for fast inflow of CSF. Arterial pulsations are a major driver of glymphatic CSF inflow, and …

Advances in neuroimaging have enabled greater understanding of the progression of
cerebral degenerative processes associated with ageing‐related dementias. Leukoaraiosis …

The blood vessels of the brain are lined with endothelial cells and it has been long known
that these help to regulate blood flow to the brain. However, there is increasing evidence …

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment are receiving heightened attention as
potentially modifiable factors for dementias of later life. These factors have now been linked …

Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas
astrocytes and microglia only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication …