Neuropeptides produce robust effects on behavior across species, and recent research has
benefited from advances in high-resolution techniques to investigate peptidergic …

The central nervous system is critical in metabolic regulation, and accumulating evidence
points to a distributed network of brain regions involved in energy homeostasis. This is …

Thirst emerges from a range of cellular changes that ultimately motivate an animal to
consume water. Although thirst-responsive neuronal signals have been reported, the full …

Opioid analgesic tolerance, a root cause of opioid overdose and misuse, can develop
through an associative learning. Despite intensive research, the locus and central pathway …

Thirst and salt appetite are temporarily suppressed after water and salt ingestion,
respectively, before absorption; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain …

The brain possesses intricate mechanisms for monitoring sodium (Na) levels in body fluids.
During prolonged dehydration, the brain detects variations in body fluids and produces …

The first act of life was the capture of water within a cell membrane, 1 and maintaining fluid
homeostasis is critical for the survival of most organisms. In this review, we discuss the …

Glutamatergic neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) function as respiratory
chemoreceptors by regulating breathing in response to tissue CO2/H+. The RTN and greater …

Animals can sense their changing internal needs and then generate specific physiological
and behavioural responses in order to restore homeostasis. Water-saline homeostasis …

Water balance, tracked by extracellular osmolality, is regulated by feedback and feedforward
mechanisms. Feedback regulation is reactive, occurring as deviations in osmolality are …