Agroforestry (AF) has become an important strategy in reconciling the contradictory
requirements of environmental protection and economic development in ecologically fragile …

Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is
grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon …

Despite expanding interest in ecosystem service research over the past three decades, in-
depth understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to food production and …

Cacao agroforestry systems (CAFS) can provide supporting services such as optimum light
conditions for cacao growth, water and nutrient cycling and regulating services such as pest …

Pests and diseases threaten cacao production worldwide. Agroforestry systems are
traditionally seen by farmers as one of the causes of increased pest and disease incidence …

A bstract Cocoa farmers must decide on whether to rehabilitate (Rh) or to renovate (Re) a
cocoa orchard when its productivity declines due to ageing, disease outbreaks or other …

The evolution of cocoa farming was quickly confronted with the development of pests and
diseases. These sanitary constraints have shaped the geographical distribution of …

The multifunctional role of shade trees for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem
services in natural forests and agroforests is well documented, yet we lack insights into the …

It has been suggested that increasing plant species diversity (PSD) in agroecosystems at
different spatiotemporal scales reduces the impacts of crop pests and diseases as well as …

ABSTRACT In Central Africa, most cacao is still cultivated in low-input agroforests where
cacao associated trees are traditionally valued by farmers. These systems are sustainable …