Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the sharing of genetic material between organisms that are
not in a parent–offspring relationship. HGT is a widely recognized mechanism for adaptation …

For over 100 years, endosymbiotic theories have figured in thoughts about the differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of endosymbiotic …

The hypoxic tumor microenvironment is one of most major hurdles restraining the anti-tumor
efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, active photosynthetic Chlorophyceae …

How horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has contributed to the evolution of animals and plants
remains a major puzzle. Despite recent progress, defining the overall scale and pattern of …

The early evolutionary history of the chloroplast lineage remains an open question. It is
widely accepted that the endosymbiosis that established the chloroplast lineage in …

Cancer with a complex pathological process is a major disease to human welfare. Due to
the imbalance between oxygen (O2) supply and consumption, hypoxia is a natural …

Porphyra umbilicalis (laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is
harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the movement of genetic material across branches of the
tree of life, is well established in prokaryotes and uncontroversial. This is explained in part …

All photosynthetic organisms need to regulate light harvesting for photoprotection. Three
types of flexible non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms have been characterized …

Chloroplasts arose from cyanobacteria, mitochondria arose from proteobacteria. Both
organelles have conserved their prokaryotic biochemistry, but their genomes are reduced …