When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

Prolonged high secretion of glucocorticoids normally reflects a state of chronic stress, which
has been associated with an increase in disease susceptibility and reduction in Darwinian …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Behavior of wild vertebrate individuals can vary in response to environmental or social
factors. Such within-individual behavioral variation is often mediated by hormonal …

In adult vertebrates, glucocorticoids are thought to trigger transitions between life history
stages within breeding cycles. This review explores possible roles of glucocorticoids as …

A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of
glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and …

There is growing international interest in how environmental conditions experienced during
development can shape adult phenotypes and the extent to which such induced changes …

Animal 'personality'describes consistent individual differences in suites of behaviors, a
phenomenon exhibited in diverse animal taxa and shown to be under natural and sexual …

The developmental stress hypothesis proposes that the honesty of bird song as a signal may
be maintained by costs incurred during development. That is, song complexity or other …

A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating
circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the …