Recognition of food components that induce functional gut symptoms in patient's functional
bowel disorders (FBD) has been challenging. Food directly or indirectly provides …

Visceral pain is generally poorly localized and characterized by hypersensitivity to a
stimulus such as organ distension. In concert with chronic visceral pain, there is a high …

Astrocyte reactivity is disease‐and stimulus‐dependent, adopting either a proinflammatory
A1 phenotype or a protective, anti‐inflammatory A2 phenotype. Recently, we demonstrated …

In life, genetic and epigenetic networks precisely coordinate the expression of genes—but in
death, it is not known if gene expression diminishes gradually or abruptly stops or if specific …

Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal
mucosa, the incidence of which has increased worldwide. There is still a lack of clear …

The prokineticins (PKs) were discovered approximately 20 years ago as small peptides
inducing gut contractility. Today, they are established as angiogenic, anorectic, and …

Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of
biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor …

Visceral pain describes pain emanating from the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal organs. In
contrast to somatic pain, visceral pain is generally vague, poorly localized, and …

Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune disorder presumed to be driven by complex
interactions of genetic, immune, microbial and even environmental factors. Intrinsic …

The cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing rapidly around the world. Due
to the multifactorial causes of IBD, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of …