This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity
on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

We present an overview of state-of-the-art chemistry–climate and chemistry transport models
that are used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). The CCMI …

Precipitation of energetic particles into the atmosphere greatly disturbs the chemical
composition from the upper stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. Most important are …

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth's outer radiation belt continuously
affects the chemical composition of the polar mesosphere. EEP can contribute to catalytic …

The literature relevant to how solar variability influences climate is vast—but much has been
based on inadequate statistics and non-robust procedures. The common pitfalls are outlined …

Energetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere creates excess amounts of odd
nitrogen and odd hydrogen. These destroy mesospheric and upper stratospheric ozone in …

Understanding atmospheric impacts of solar energetic particle precipitation (EPP) remains
challenging, from quantification of the response in ozone, to implications on temperature …

The influence of solar variability on the polar atmosphere and climate due to energetic
electron precipitation (EEP) has remained an open question largely due to lack of a long …