The Chinese spacecraft Chang'e-5 (CE-5) landed on the northern Ocean Procellarum and
returned 1,731 grams of regolith. The CE-5 regolith is composed mostly of fragments of …

Earth's origins are challenging to elucidate, given the lack of surviving terrestrial geology
from the first 500 Myr of the Solar System. In this Review, we discuss breakthroughs in …

The giant impact hypothesis remains the leading theory for lunar origin. However, current
models struggle to explain the Moon's composition and isotopic similarity with Earth. Here …

1609 AD marked the beginning of the modern scientific exploration of the Moon's crust when
Thomas Harriot and later Galileo Galilei made the first recorded maps of the nearside with …

Terrestrial and lunar rocks share chemical and isotopic similarities in refractory elements,
suggestive of a common precursor. By contrast, the marked depletion of volatile elements in …

Atmospheres are products of time-integrated mass exchange between the surface of a
planet and its interior. On Earth and other planetary bodies, magma oceans likely marked …

Despite its importance in geological sciences, our understanding of interactions between
gas and condensed phases (comprising solids and liquids) remains clouded by the fact that …

Discovery of water in lunar samples and on the lunar surface has opened a new chapter in
lunar exploration. In addition to their potential utility, water and other volatile compounds can …

It has been proposed that Mars' moons formed from a disk produced by a large impact with
the planet. However, whether such an event could produce tiny Phobos and Deimos …

The Moon is depleted in water and other volatiles compared to Earth and the bulk solar
composition. Such depletion of volatile elements and the stable isotope fractionations of …