The clinical manifestation of metastasis in a vital organ is the final stage of cancer
progression and the main culprit of cancer-related mortality. Once established, metastasis is …

When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling
occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and …

In the present article, the steps involved in the process of tumor metastasis are discussed.
Several events are required for malignant cells to leave the primary tumor and proliferate at …

The bone marrow microenvironment facilitates the survival, differentiation, and proliferation
of hematopoietic cells. These cells are supported by fibroblast-like bone marrow stromal …

Integrins are a large family of adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell and cell-
extracellular matrix interactions. Among the 24 integrin isoforms, many have been found to …

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Bone metastasis, or the development of secondary tumors within the bone of cancer
patients, is a debilitating and incurable disease. Despite its morbidity, the biology of bone …

In order for cancer cells to successfully colonize a metastatic site, they must detach from the
primary tumor using extracellular matrix-degrading proteases, intravasate and survive in the …

Calcium homeostasis is a tightly regulated process involving the co-ordinated efforts of the
skeleton, kidney, parathyroid glands and intestine. Neoplasms can alter this homeostasis …

The adhesive extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and its integrin receptors play important
roles at several stages of tumor development. Tumor cells are generally less adhesive than …