Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although the
underlying causes of pregnancy-associated complication are numerous, it is well …

Cathelicidins are short cationic peptides that are part of the innate immune system. At first,
these peptides were studied mostly for their direct antimicrobial killing capacity, but …

Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic material between cells. However,
their roles in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear. Here, we report that exosomes …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or
'danger signals,'that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern …

Current research and development of antigens for vaccination often center on purified
recombinant proteins, viral subunits, synthetic oligopeptides or oligosaccharides, most of …

Autosomal dominant TLR3 deficiency has been identified as a genetic etiology of childhood
herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). This defect is partial, as it results in …

In recent years, the essential role of bi-directional cross-talk between natural killer (NK) and
dendritic cells (DC) during immune responses has been clearly elucidated. In particular, this …

Natural killer (NK) cells are important in innate immunity, first described as guardians for the
detection and clearance of transformed or virus‐infected cells. Later, this cell type was …

ABSTRACT Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pattern recognition receptor that senses
exogenous (viral) as well as endogenous (mammalian) double-stranded RNA in …

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common by-product of viral infections and acts as a
potent trigger of antiviral immunity. In the nematode C. elegans, sid-1 encodes a dsRNA …