Cells are bombarded by extrinsic signals that dynamically change in time and space. Such
dynamic variations can exert profound effects on behaviors, including cellular signaling …

Optogenetics is the use of genetically coded, light-gated ion channels or pumps (opsins) for
millisecond resolution control of neural activity. By targeting opsin expression to specific cell …

Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on
animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has …

Optogenetics is among the most widely employed techniques to manipulate neuronal
activity. However, a major drawback is the need for invasive implantation of optical fibers. To …

Optogenetic methods have been widely used in rodent brains, but remain relatively under-
developed for nonhuman primates such as rhesus macaques, an animal model with a large …

The rise of optogenetics provides unique opportunities to advance materials and biomedical
engineering, as well as fundamental understanding in neuroscience. This protocol …

Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural
processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural …

Attention is critical to perception, serving to select behaviorally relevant information for
privileged processing. To understand the neural mechanisms of attention, we must discern …

Optogenetics, a field concentrating on controlling cellular functions by means of light-
activated proteins, has shown tremendous potential in neuroscience. It possesses superior …

Successful application of two-photon imaging with genetic tools in awake macaque
monkeys will enable fundamental advances in our understanding of higher cognitive …