According to the endosymbiotic theory, most of the DNA of the original bacterial
endosymbiont has been lost or transferred to the nucleus, leaving a much smaller (∼ 16 kb …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the
aging population with limited understanding of its pathogenesis and a lack of effective …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of aging‐related diseases by
accelerating the lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane …

Background Microglial-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in vascular
dementia, and modulating neuroinflammation has emerged as a promising treatment target …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive degenerative
disease of the retina, which culminates in blindness and affects mainly the elderly …

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is characterized by a
slow, progressive, and multifactorial degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT)
are physiological processes required for normal embryogenesis. However, these processes …

Oxidative stress (OS) is primarily caused by the formation of free radicals and reactive
oxygen species; it is considered as one of the prominent factors in slowing down and …

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related
macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative …

Non-neovascular or dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease
with degeneration of the aging retinal-pigmented epithelium (RPE). Lysosomes play a …