Flying insects are able to hover and perform agile maneuvers by relying on their flapping
wings to produce control forces, as well as flight forces, due to the absence of tail control …

There are nearly a million known species of flying insects and 13 000 species of flying warm-
blooded vertebrates, including mammals, birds and bats. While in flight, their wings not only …

Individuals in social insect colonies cooperate to perform collective work. While colonies
often respond to changing environmental conditions by flexibly reallocating workers to …

Animals that move through complex habitats must frequently contend with obstacles in their
path. Humans and other highly cognitive vertebrates avoid collisions by perceiving the …

Biogeographic clines in morphology along environmental gradients can illuminate forces
influencing trait evolution within and between species. Latitude has long been studied as a …

Broadly distributed species experience divergent abiotic conditions across their ranges that
may drive local adaptation. Montane systems where populations are distributed across both …

Highlights•Bumble bees face increasing physiological challenges in light of global
change.•Most progress in ecophysiological research is related to thermal biology and …

Natural environments are characterized by variable wind that can pose significant
challenges for flying animals and robots. However, our understanding of the flow conditions …

Information on reproductive biology and pollination ecology studies of threatened plants are
essential to develop strategies for their sustainable utilization and effective conservation. As …

Insects with asynchronous flight muscles are believed to flap at the effective fundamental
frequency of their thorax–wing system. Flapping in this manner leverages the natural …