Affective valence lies on a spectrum ranging from punishment to reward. The coding of such
spectra in the brain almost always involves opponency between pairs of systems or …

Given that natural selection is so powerful at optimizing complex adaptations, why does it
seem unable to eliminate genes (susceptibility alleles) that predispose to common, harmful …

Natural rewards and drugs of abuse can alter dopamine signaling, and ventral tegmental
area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons are known to fire action potentials tonically or phasically …

Deciding whether to forgo a good choice in favour of exploring a potentially more rewarding
alternative is one of the most challenging arbitrations both in human reasoning and in …

ADHD is associated with altered reinforcement sensitivity, despite a number of inconsistent
findings. This review focuses on the overlap and differences between seven …

This review considers the hypothesis that changes in dopamine signalling might account for
altered sensitivity to positive reinforcement in children with ADHD. The existing evidence …

Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is extensively entangled in fundamental aspects of brain
function and behavior. We present a computational view of its involvement in the control of …

Neuroconstructivism is a theoretical framework focusing on the construction of
representations in the developing brain. Cognitive development is explained as emerging …

Importance Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with
deficient decision making and learning. Models of ADHD have suggested that these deficits …

This review considers the theoretical problems facing agents that must learn and choose on
the basis of reward or reinforcement that is uncertain or delayed, in implicit or procedural …