Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks,
made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are …

The chloroplast is essential for photosynthesis and the production of hormones and
metabolites. As a consequence, its biogenesis and development needs to be coordinated …

Abstract Intracellular Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) play important roles in cellular pH and Na+
and K+ homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Based on sequence similarity, the six intracellular …

Two well-known pathways for the degradation of chloroplast proteins are via autophagy and
senescence-associated vacuoles. Here, we describe a third pathway that was activated by …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

Chloroplasts originated from the endosymbiosis of ancestral cyanobacteria and maintain
transcription and translation machineries for around 100 proteins. Most endosymbiont …

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and
degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of …

Plastids are unique organelles that can alter their structure and function in response to
environmental and developmental stimuli. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid and are the …

The plastid is a defining structure of photosynthetic eukaryotes and houses many plant-
specific processes, including the light reactions, carbon fixation, pigment synthesis, and …

Intra-plastid proteases play crucial and diverse roles in the development and maintenance
of non-photosynthetic plastids and chloroplasts. Formation and maintenance of a functional …