Cardiac optical mapping has proven to be a powerful technology for studying cardiovascular
function and disease. The development and scientific impact of this methodology are well …

During the last few decades, neuroscientists have benefited from the emergence of many
powerful functional imaging techniques that cover broad spatial and temporal scales. We …

Cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs-CMs) could revolutionise
biomedicine. Global burden of heart failure will soon reach USD $90 bn, while unexpected …

EXCITABLE media can support spiral waves rotating around an organizing centre1–7.
Spiral waves have been discovered in different types of autocatalytic chemical reactions8, 9 …

Optical imaging of cortical activity offers several advantages over conventional
electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. One can map a relatively large region …

Cardiac fibrillation (spontaneous, asynchronous contractions of cardiac muscle fibres) is the
leading cause of death in the industrialized world, yet it is not clear how it occurs. It has been …

Voltage-sensitive dyes allow neuronal activity to be studied by non-invasive optical
techniques. They provide an attractive means of investigating striate cortex, where important …

An identified neuron of the leech, a Retzius cell, has been attached to the open gate of ap-
channel field-effect transistor. Action potentials, spontaneous or stimulated, modulate …

Nervous systems process information by integrating the electrical activity of neurons in
complex networks. This motivates the long-standing interest in using optical methods to …

Optical measurement of membrane potential is a new tool for physiologists and has already
found many applications. However, the number of possible pitfalls is alarming, particularly in …