The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with atmospheric conditions during their
migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century …

With nearly 400 migratory landbird species, the East Asian Flyway is the most diverse of the
world's flyways. This diversity is a consequence of the varied ecological niches provided by …

The annual 29 000 km long migration of the bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica baueri,
around the Pacific Ocean traverses what is arguably the most complex and seasonally …

Raptors primarily use soaring-gliding flight which exploits thermals and ridge lifts over land
to reduce energetic costs. However during migration, these birds often have to cross water …

On their migratory journeys, terrestrial birds can come across large inhospitable areas with
limited opportunities to rest and refuel. Flight over these areas poses a risk especially when …

Flying over the open sea is energetically costly for terrestrial birds. Despite this, over-water
journeys of many birds, sometimes hundreds of kilometres long, are uncovered by bio …

Thermal soaring conditions above the sea have long been assumed absent or too weak for
terrestrial migrating birds, forcing obligate soarers to take long detours and avoid sea …

Atmospheric currents influence the choice of migratory routes and flight characteristics of
birds as well as their decisions regarding migration onset and stopovers. Among long …

Seabirds use several flight modes at sea, including thermal soaring, in which thermal uplift is
used to gain altitude and save energy. An increase in flight altitude may have consequences …

The development of migratory behaviour is a continuous process which is not only
determined by genes, but also moulded by individual differences based on life‐history …