To date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has determined 399,600,607 cases and 5,757,562 …

Abstract The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has impacted human lives in the most …

Synonymous mutations in protein-coding genes do not alter protein sequences and are thus
generally presumed to be neutral or nearly neutral,,,–. Here, to experimentally verify this …

Therapeutic mRNAs and vaccines are being developed for a broad range of human
diseases, including COVID-19. However, their optimization is hindered by mRNA instability …

The design of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines involves many different types
of optimizations. Proper optimization of vaccine mRNA can reduce dosage required for each …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has
been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the …

The turnover number k cat, a measure of enzyme efficiency, is central to understanding
cellular physiology and resource allocation. As experimental k cat estimates are unavailable …

DAMBE is a comprehensive software workbench for data analysis in molecular biology,
phylogenetics, and evolution. Several important new functions have been added since …

Since its first release in 2001 as mainly a software package for phylogenetic analysis, data
analysis for molecular biology and evolution (DAMBE) has gained many new functions that …