Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly
perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved …

Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens
within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of …

Plants and microbes interact with each other via different chemical signaling pathways. At
the risophere level, the microbes can secrete molecules, called elicitors, which act on their …

Eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have evolved to transduce
environmental and developmental signals into adaptive and programmed responses. MAPK …

Members of the complex family of WRKY transcription factors have been implicated in the
regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant immune responses …

Salicylic acid (SA) is synthesised by plants in response to challenge by a diverse range of
phytopathogens and is essential to the establishment of both local and systemic-acquired …

Many changes in environmental conditions and hormones are mediated by MAPK (mitogen-
activated protein kinase) cascades in all eukaryotes, including plants. Studies of MAPK …

The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present m icrobe-a ssociated m olecular
p atterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express …