Diabetes is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite numerous
treatments for cardiovascular disease (CVD), for patients with diabetes, these therapies …

Blood glucose homeostasis is well maintained by coordinated control of various hormones
including insulin and glucagon as well as cytokines under normal conditions. However …

Diabetic encephalopathy, a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, is characterized by
neuroinflammation and aberrant synaptogenesis in the hippocampus leading to cognitive …

Neuroinflammation caused by microglial activation and consequent neurological impairment
are prominent features of diabetes-associated cognitive impairment (DACI). Microglial …

Background Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a classical nuclear
transcription factor that regulates the system's anti-oxidative stress response. The activation …

Bile acids are commonly known as one of the vital metabolites derived from cholesterol. The
role of bile acids in glycolipid metabolism and their mechanisms in liver and cholestatic …

Background Depression is the most known complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Aerobic exercise improves glycemic control in T2DM, although the underlying mechanisms …

Aging is a multi-faceted process caused by the accumulation of cellular damage over time,
associated with a gradual reduction of physiological activities in cells and organs. This …

There is emerging evidence that cognitive impairment could be a diabetes mellitus-related
complication. It has been suggested that diabetic people are at increased risk of cognitive …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a type of diabetes caused by the destruction of
pancreatic β cells and the absolute lack of insulin secretion. T1DM usually starts in …