The TGF-β regulatory system plays crucial roles in the preservation of organismal integrity.
TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury …

Few cell signals match the impact of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in
metazoan biology. TGFβ cytokines regulate cell fate decisions during development, tissue …

Phosphatidylinositide 3 kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream mediators AKT and
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) constitute the core components of the …

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) isolated in vitro from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced
PSC (iPSC) and also post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSCs) are known for …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are known to be essential mechanisms used by
eukaryotic cells to diversify their protein functions and dynamically coordinate their signaling …

The functional versatility of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be seen by its ability to act in stem
cells of the embryo and of the adult as well as in cancer stem cells. During embryogenesis …

Much of the focus on the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily in cancer has
revolved around the TGFβ ligands themselves. However, it is now becoming apparent that …

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
Despite sharing the common property of pluripotency, hESCs are notably distinct from …