In this review, we discuss (1) how the notion of conceptual change has developed over the
past three decades,(2) giving rise to alternative approaches for analysing conceptual …

Chemistry is often regarded as a difficult subject, an observation which sometimes repels
learners from continuing with studies in chemistry. This paper seeks to bring together the …

Given the centrality of argumentation in the Next Generation Science Standards, there is an
urgent need for an empirically validated learning progression of this core practice and the …

Scientific explanation plays a central role in science education reform documents, including
the Benchmarks for Science Literacy, the National Science Education Standards, and the …

Modelling is the essence of thinking and working scientifically. But how do secondary
students view science models? Usually as toys or miniatures of real-life objects with few …

In this article, we examine the role of visuospatial cognition in chemistry learning. We review
three related kinds of literature: correlational studies of spatial abilities and chemistry …

Many students have difficulty learning symbolic and molecular representations of chemistry.
This study investigated how students developed an understanding of chemical …

Over 34 years since its conception, research in educational settings has found evidence for
the effectiveness of the 5E Instructional Model. Indeed, several studies have reported …

Constructing Representations to Learn in Science Current research into student learning in
science has shifted attention from the traditional cognitivist perspectives of conceptual …

While virtual reality (VR) is emerging as an interactive tool for chemical education, its
application and assessment for chemical education are still limited. Thus, an educational VR …