Background In the 5 years that have passed since the publication of the 2018 International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR‐Allergic Rhinitis …

Allergic rhinitis (AR) represents a global health concern where it affects approximately 400
million people worldwide. The prevalence of AR has increased over the years along with …

Background Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR)
literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this …

The respiratory epithelium provides a physical, functional, and immunologic barrier to
protect the host from the potential harming effects of inhaled environmental particles and to …

The epithelial lining of the airway forms the first barrier against environmental insults, such
as inhaled cigarette smoke, which is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by mucosal inflammation, driven by
activated immune cells. Mast cells and TH 2 cells might decrease epithelial barrier integrity …

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disorder affecting up to 40% of the population worldwide
and it usually persists throughout life. Nasal epithelial barrier constitutes the first line of …

Rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are the two major clinical entities of chronic upper airway disease.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) affect respectively up to 10 and 30 …

The airway epithelium provides a critical barrier to the outside environment. When its
integrity is impaired, epithelial cells and residing immune cells collaborate to exclude …