Reverse transcription and integration are the defining features of the Retroviridae; the
common name “retrovirus” derives from the fact that these viruses use a virally encoded …

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges
from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal …

The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health
challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major …

The interferon-inducible myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins play important roles in
combating a wide range of virus infections. MxA inhibits many RNA and DNA viruses …

Host restriction factors are potent, widely expressed intracellular blocks to viral replication
that are an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. However …

Gene copies that stem from the mRNAs of parental source genes have long been viewed as
evolutionary dead-ends with little biological relevance. Here we review a range of recent …

Abstract The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein lattice encases viral genomic RNA and regulates
steps essential to target-cell invasion. Cyclophilin A (CypA) has interacted with the CA of …

The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential
structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through …

TRIM5α proteins are restriction factors that protect mammalian cells from retroviral infections
by binding incoming viral capsids, accelerating their dissociation, and preventing reverse …