Developing networks follow common rules to shift from silent cells to coactive networks that
operate via thousands of synapses. This review deals with some of these rules and in …

This article provides a perspective on major innovations over the past century in research on
the spinal cord and, specifically, on specialized spinal circuits involved in the control of …

At the beginning of the 20th century, Thomas Graham Brown conducted experiments that
after a long hiatus changed views on the neural control of locomotion. His seminal work …

Neuronal networks within the spinal cord directly control rhythmic movements of the
arms/forelimbs and legs/hindlimbs during locomotion in mammals. For an effective …

Development of the Nervous System presents a broad and basic treatment of the
established and evolving principles of neural development as exemplified by key …

Instead of using empirical functions, it is also possible to deduce the functional form of the
voltage dependence of the rate constants from thermodynamics and in particular from the …

Neurons in the brainstem implicated in the initiation of locomotion include glutamatergic,
noradrenergic (NA), dopaminergic (DA), and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons giving rise to …

Reciprocal activation of flexor and extensor muscles constitutes the fundamental mechanism
that tetrapod vertebrates use for locomotion and limb-driven reflex behaviors. This aspect of …

Local circuits in the spinal cord that generate locomotion are termed central pattern
generators (CPGs). These provide coordinated bilateral control over the normal limb …

The ability of distinct anatomical circuits to generate multiple behavioral patterns is
widespread among vertebrate and invertebrate species. These multifunctional neuronal …