We provide a brief synopsis of the unique physical and ecological attributes of sandy beach
ecosystems and review the main anthropogenic pressures acting on the world's single …

Extensive development and construction in marine and coastal systems is driving a
phenomenon known as “ocean sprawl”. Ocean sprawl removes or transforms marine …

Rapidly growing populations and expanding development are intensifying pressures on
coastal ecosystems. Sea-level rise and other predicted effects of climate change are …

Pollution, mining, disruption of sand transport and tourism development widely affect sandy
shores, and these systems may be subject to increased erosion in future, yet there have …

Freshwater shore zones are among the most ecologically valuable parts of the planet, but
have been heavily damaged by human activities. Because the management and …

Use of coastal armoring is expected to escalate in response to the combination of expanding
human populations, beach erosion, and sea level rise along the coasts. To provide a …

Coastal erosion is occurring at a faster rate than in the past. The adverse impacts are not
negligible at environmental, economic, and socio-cultural levels. Hence, coastal protection …

Shore protection structures will continue to be built and maintained to protect coastal
infrastructure. This review identifies factors influencing our ability to retain or restore natural …

The presence of anthropic activity in the coastal or riverine environment modifies the wave
as well as the water and sediment current regime. In particular, the body of water around …

The increasing development of our coastlines combined with the effects of sea level rise,
hurricanes, and El Niño and other storm events with their associated elevated sea levels …