I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

There are a variety of medical conditions associated with chronic sinonasal inflammation,
including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis. In particular, CRS can be divided …

Summary Interleukin (IL)‐33 is a key cytokine involved in type 2 immunity and allergic
airway diseases. Abundantly expressed in lung epithelial cells, IL‐33 plays critical roles in …

Background IL-25 can function as an early signal for the respiratory type 2 response
characteristic of allergic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and heterogeneous disease associated with a
high degree of morbidity. Although there exist specific conditions for diagnosis, it has been …

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is considered a refractory and intractable
disease. Patients with ECRS present with thick mucus production, long-term nasal …

Gastrointestinal conditions may be broadly classified into two: organic and functional
disease, with functional disorders accounting for the majority of patients with chronic …

Recent discoveries have led to the identification of a novel group of immune cells, the innate
lymphoid cells (ILCs). The members of this group are divided into three subpopulations …

Purpose Endotype in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been established in the last decade.
However, the exact immunologic profile of CRS still has controversy because it has a …

The respiratory epithelium of the upper airways is a first‐line defence against inhaled
irritants, pathogens and allergens. It ensures a physical barrier provided by apical junctions …