BACKGROUND For centuries, thinkers have considered whether and how climatic
conditions influence the nature of societies and the performance of economies. A …

Identifying the effect of climate on societies is central to understanding historical economic
development, designing modern policies that react to climatic events, and managing future …

The impact of climate change on migration has gained both academic and public interest in
recent years. Here we employ a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the evidence from 30 …

This paper provides an overview of the Special Issue on water supply and water scarcity.
The papers selected for publication include review papers on water history, on water …

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate treatment
effects. We show that they estimate weighted sums of the average treatment effects (ATE) in …

From the Industrial Revolution to the age of artificial intelligence, The Technology Trap takes
a sweeping look at the history of technological progress and how it has radically shifted the …

In the presence of markup differences, externalities, and other social effects, the direction of
innovation can be systematically distorted. I build a simple model of endogenous technology …

A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature,
precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on …

Understanding the value of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions matters for policy decisions
and climate risk management, but quantification is challenging because of the complex …

Abstract The United States has long been perceived as a land of opportunity for immigrants.
Yet, both in the past and today, US natives have expressed concern that immigrants fail to …