Abstract The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) was launched to Mars in the summer of 2020,
and is the first interplanetary spacecraft mission undertaken by the United Arab Emirates …

Abstract The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Hope probe was launched on 20 July 2020 at
01: 58 GST (Gulf Standard Time) and entered orbit around Mars on 9 Feb 2021 at 19: 42 …

The habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its
interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive …

Mars and Venus do not have a global magnetic field and as a result solar wind interacts
directly with their ionospheres and upper atmospheres. Neutral atoms ionized by solar UV …

Context. Observations by the Kepler satellite have revealed a gap between larger sub-
Neptunes and smaller super-Earths that atmospheric escape models had predicted as an …

The non-thermal escape of neutral O atoms from Mars at the current epoch is largely due to
dissociative recombination of O2+: There are five energetically allowed channels of this …

Context. The heating efficiency η hν is defined as the ratio of the net local gas-heating rate to
the rate of stellar radiative energy absorption. It plays an important role in thermal-escape …

The origin and evolution of planetary protoatmospheres in relation to the protoplanetary disk
is discussed. The initial atmospheres of planets can mainly be related via two formation …

The study of atmospheric emissions from orbit to probe the middle and upper atmosphere of
Mars, which started with the Mariner missions, is living a golden era thanks to the European …

Thermally driven escape from planetary atmospheres changes in nature from an organized
outflow (hydrodynamic escape) to escape on a molecule-by-molecule basis (Jeans escape) …