Future Internet involves several emerging technologies such as 5G and beyond 5G
networks, vehicular networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, and Internet of …

After decades of unprecedented development, modern networks have evolved far beyond
expectations in terms of scale and complexity. In many cases, traditional traffic engineering …

With the development of IoT, virtual reality, cloud computing, and digital twin technologies,
the advent of metaverse has attracted increasing world attention. Metaverse integrates and …

Metaverse is an artificial virtual world mapped from and interacting with the real world. In
metaverse, digital entities coexist with their physical counterparts. Powered by deep …

Metaverse has gained increasing interest in education, with much of literature focusing on its
great potential to enhance both individual and social aspects of learning. However, little …

The job-shop scheduling problem (JSSP) is one of the best-known combinatorial
optimization problems and is also an essential task in various sectors. In most real-world …

Flow routing can achieve fine-grained network performance optimizations by routing distinct
packet traffic flows over different network paths. While the centralized control of Software …

In this article, we investigate the routing problem of packet networks through multiagent
reinforcement learning (RL), which is a very challenging topic in distributed and autonomous …

Proximal policy optimization (PPO) is a deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on the
actor–critic (AC) architecture. In the classic AC architecture, the Critic (value) network is used …

One of the challenges for multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is designing efficient
learning algorithms for a large system in which each agent has only limited or partial …