In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic'and 'vaccine hesitancy'were listed as two of the top 10
challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its …

In recent years, controlled release of drugs has posed numerous challenges with the aim of
optimizing parameters such as the release of the suitable quantity of drugs in the right site at …

MERS-coronavirus is a novel zoonotic pathogen which spread rapidly to> 25 countries since
2012. Its apparent endemicity and the wide spread of its reservoir host (dromedary camels) …

The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for an urgent
development of effective and safe prophylactic and therapeutic measures. The spike (S) …

Vaccine-product innovations that address barriers to immunization are urgently needed to
achieve equitable vaccine coverage, as articulated in the new Immunization Agenda 2030 …

In this study, needle-free jet injection dynamics were studied using homogeneous gelatin as
model substrates. Whilst keeping nozzle properties such as orifice diameter (do) and …

Introduction: In the last two decades, the evidence related to using vaccine patches with
multiple short projections (≤ 1 mm) to deliver vaccines through the skin increased …

Satisfying the needs of the national immunization program requires maintaining diphtheria–
tetanus–pertussis (DTP)–hepatitis B (HB)–Haemophilus influenza B (Hib) production …

A syringe is used to inject fluid or medicine into the patient's soft tissue. The main
components of the syringe were the needle, barrel, and plunger. The use of syringes in the …

A needleless or needle-free jet injector (NFJI) uses a high-pressure stream jet to puncture
the skin surface without using a needle. 1 NFJIs have been used for vaccine or drug …