Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that
constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both …

The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues
by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However …

Ocular diseases can deteriorate vision to the point of blindness and thus can have a major
impact on the daily life of an individual. Conventional therapies are unable to provide …

In myopia, diabetes and ageing, fibrous vitreous liquefaction and degeneration is associated
with the formation of opacities inside the vitreous body that cast shadows on the retina …

Topical drug delivery is one of the most challenging aspects of eye therapy. Eye drops are
the most prevalent drug form, especially for widely distributed anterior segment eye …

Owing to the variety and complexity of ocular diseases and the natural ocular barriers, drug
therapy for ocular diseases has significant limitations, such as poor drug targeting to the site …

The study of toxicity and potential risks of engineered nanoparticles is of particular
importance in nanomedicine. Endotoxin, a common contaminant of bacterial origin, has …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid (A) β peptide accumulation and
intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. New hypotheses have suggested that AD involves …

Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease and the second most leading cause of irreversible
impaired vision in the world, which is primarily linked with high intraocular pressure (IOP) …

Immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer,
autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. These responses are attributed to immune …