Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defence against viral
infection. Despite the existence of at least 20 IFNs, there are only three known cell surface …

Flaviviruses encode one, two, or no N-linked glycosylation sites on their envelope proteins.
Glycosylation can impact virus interactions with cell surface attachment factors and also may …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus. Recent ZIKV outbreaks have
produced serious human disease, including neurodevelopmental malformations (congenital …

West Nile Virus, Usutu virus, Bagaza virus, Israel turkey encephalitis virus and Tembusu
virus currently constitute the five flaviviruses transmitted by mosquito bites with a marked …

Reported for the first time in 1955 in Malaysia, Tembusu virus (TMUV) remained, for a long
time, in the shadow of flaviviruses with human health importance such as dengue virus or …

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype I (GI) replicates more efficiently than genotype
III (GIII) in birds, and this difference is considered to be one of the reasons for the JEV …

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an infectious disease that emerged in China in 2010. It has
caused serious economic losses to the poultry industry and may pose a threat to public …

In 2021, a chicken Tembusu virus (TMUV) caused outbreaks of a disease characterized by
retarded growth and egg production decline in chickens in China. Two TMUV strains …

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infected cases have increasingly been observed in several
duck farms in Thailand since its first report in 2013. However, information on the genetic …

Abstract Background Chongming Island in China serves as a breeding and shelter point on
the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. The resting frequency of migratory birds, abundance of …