Plants respond to insect herbivory with responses broadly known as direct defenses, indirect
defenses, and tolerance. Direct defenses include all plant traits that affect susceptibility of …

The continual need to increase food production necessitates the development and
application of novel biotechnologies to enable the provision of improved crop varieties in a …

Plant‐derived protease inhibitors (PIs) are a promising defensin for crop improvement and
insect pest management. Although agronomist made significant efforts in utilizing PIs for …

Evidence for the in planta defensive function of trypsin protease inhibitors (TPIs) comes from
observations of enhanced herbivore resistance after heterologous TPI expression or the …

As more transgenic crop plants become commercialised, there is an increasing need for
information on their impacts on honey bees and bumblebees. Direct effects on bees may …

Transgenic resistance to insects has been demonstrated in plants expressing insecticidal
genes such as δ-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), protease inhibitors, enzymes …

Plant proteinase inhibitors (PIs), which play a potent defensive role against predators and
pathogens, are natural, defense-related proteins often present in seeds and induced in …

Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) is a striking example of polyphagy among
herbivores with an extreme record of pesticide resistance and one of the most significant …

Insect pests are major problems for all crops, worldwide. In this review we will focus on
legumes, which are attacked by a range of insect pests including pod/seed feeders …

Due to increasing problems occurring from massive applications of pesticides, such as
insect resistance to pesticides, the use of biotechnological tools to minimize losses from …